What is Artificial Inteligence

    

  

Introduction

                 What exactly is Artificial Intelligence? It is basically the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially computer programs. The ability to invent intelligent machines has fascinated humans since the ancient times. Researchers are creating systems and programs that could mimic human thoughts and try doing things that human could do. The Artificial Intelligence has come a long way from the old days. The development in industry it’s going to be have a impact in IT and beyond this topic is Artificial Intelligence. The AI will have a impact in industry and our life.

                    The history and the story if AI starts in 1956 in united states at Dartmouth college. There was a summer school about AI by the professor of mathematics “john McCarthy”. “he propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of AI be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth college in Hanover, new Hampshire ”. this is how the story of AI was started.

Definition

In simple term, AI is part of computing principle to simulate the human behavior intelligently.

              According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

             The concept of “computers showing human like capabilities” is called artificial intelligence. The central point of all such activities and system is that “How to think” or rather “How to make system think”. The artificial intelligence have been built so that, it can perform task such as, solve quadratic equation, understand human speech and natural language.

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

AI is accomplished by studying how human brains think and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

There are a number of areas where AI can be applied, including the following:

•  Gaming Systems can manipulate strategic games, such as chess or poker, where the machine can think of an exponential number of possible positions to play effectively against a human opponent.
• Natural Language, where chatbots can recognize natural human language if communicating directly with a user or a customer.
• Neural Systems, simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in human brains. For example, neural systems can predict future events based on historical data.
• Robot, are programmed computers which see, hear and react to sensory stimuli, such as light, heat, temperature, sound and pressure.
• Expert systems, where computers can be programmed to make decisions in real-life situations. The integration of machines, software, and specific information allows the system to impart reasoning, explanation, and advice to the end user.

There are also different levels of AI. For example, some AI systems align more closely with human behavior. The closer a system relates to actual human behavior, the stronger the AI.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

AI can be categorized in any number of ways, but here are two broad views.

Ø Weak AI

Ø Strong AI

After taking a brief look at various disciplines that contribute towards AI, now let us look at the concept of strong AI and weak AI. These views also give the foundation for developing automated system.

Weak AI

         Weak AI is also known as Narrow AI, because it is designed and trained for a particular task. These machines would, in some ways act as if they were intelligent but they would not possess true intelligence. There are several fields of weak AI, one of which is natural language. Much of the work in this field has been done with computers. Simulation is intelligence based on predefined sets of rules.

Strong AI

           Strong AI is also known as Artificial Intelligence (AI). It can truly reason and solve problems. A strong form of AI is said to be sentient or self-aware. Strong AI is categorized as,

Ø  Human-like AI

Ø  Non-Human-like AI

Human-like AI – It is a type in which the computer program thinks and reasons much like human-mind.

Non-human-like AI – It is a type in which the computer program develops a totally non-human and sentient way of thinking and reasoning.

Agent and Environment

                      An agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.

·        A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.

·        A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and various motors and actuators for effectors.

·        A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.

What Contributes to AI?

           Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system.

            

                  

 

The future of Artificial Intelligence

                   Our world as we know it is running on artificial intelligence. Siri or Cortana or Google manages our calendars. Facebook suggests our friends. Computers trade our stocks. We have cars that park themselves, and air traffic control is almost fully automated. Virtually every field has benefited from advances in artificial intelligence, from the military to medicine to manufacturing.

However, almost none of the recent advancements inartificial intelligence have advanced the education industry. Why is education lagging behind? Why has the momentum for artificial intelligence in education seemed to have largely faded in the past few years?

The “grand challenges” that artificial intelligence in education should work to address, including:

·         Virtual mentors for every learner: Omnipresent support that integrates user modeling, social simulation and knowledge representation.

·         Addressing 21st century skills: Assist learners with self-direction, self-assessment, teamwork and more.

·         Analysis of interaction data:  Bring together the vast amounts of data about individual learning, social contexts, learning contexts and personal interests.

·         Provide opportunities for global classrooms: Increase the interconnectedness and accessibility of classrooms worldwide.

·         Lifelong and life wide technologies: Taking learning outside of the classroom and into the learner’s life outside of school.

Over the last decade, applications of artificial intelligence have addressed several challenges of learning, including language processing, reasoning, planning, and cognitive modeling. “Intelligent Tutor Systems”, computer software which is able track the “mental steps” of the learner during problem-solving tasks to diagnose misconceptions and estimate the learners’ understanding of the domain. Intelligent Tutor Systems also can provide timely guidance, feedback and explanations to the learner and can promote productive learning behaviors, such as self-regulation, self-monitoring, and self-explanation.  

Automation

        

        The word “Automation”  is derived from the greek words “Auto”(self) and “matos”(moving). Automation therefore is the mechanism for system that “move by itself”

However,  apart from this original sense of the word, Automation system is also achieve significantly superior performance than what is possible with manual system, in team of power, precision and speed of operation. It is the set of technologies that result is operation of machines and system without significant human intervention and achieves         performance superior to manual operation. 

What is Automation  

                   

                  The Automation is the state of being automatically operated equipment or machines and is the step beyond mechanization where it required physical worker to perform the work. “Automation puts the people out of work” is a common misconception of automation. But the reason for putting the process operation to be automated is to increase the productivity and product quality, reduce manual/periodic checking, improve safety, reduce the production cost and to be operator friendly. 

        

Types of Automation System

                  The automation system replaces the conventional hard-wired relay system by automating the process functions with the use of various hardware and software tools with minimal human intervention. There are different types of automation systems are used in different applications, but all automated systems are not similar. Depends on application area and control nature, these automated systems are classified. Some of these automation types are discussed in brief below.

Industrial Automation

                Industrial automation is the process of making industrial production processes more flexible and simpler at higher efficiencies. Automation integration to the industries results intelligent manufacturing solutions at improved product quality and productivity with reduced downtime and wastes. Industrial automation involves in usage of usage of various control devices such as PC/PLC’s, various sensors and actuators, communication buses/modules, machine drives, HMI (Human Machine Interface)  systems and other control equipment’s. This type automation is most popularly used in automotive, computer and electronics, medical, telecommunication, consumer goods and other industrial applications. The automation systems can be a fixed, programmed, flexible and integrated systems. Some of the types of industrial automation are given below.

·       Numerically Controlled Machines

                      These machines are computer controlled machines which uses to computer to perform the control operation acquiring, processing, calculating and controlling the process variable

This Automation is the programmed version of machine tools are also called as Computerized Numerical Controlled (CNC) machines. These CNC machines are used to cutting and milling applications for high accurate precision operation.

·       Computer Aides Manufacturing (CAM)

                             This is the entire manufacture process like planning and control. It is the automation with the use of numerically controlled machines. Industrial robots are the other type of automation machines. these are used to make  plan, design and layout for the various product . The various designing products are Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Process Plan(CAPP) and Computer Aided Design and Drafting(CADD)

·       Industrial Robots

                              

                              These robots are mainly used to manufacturing purpose. These kind of robots are  Automated, programmable and capacity to moving two or more axes. These robots are mostly used for painting, packaging, labeling, picking and placing, produce inspection etc. These are mostly implemented in the areas that are highly dangerous or hazardous for humans.

·       Flexible Manufacturing System

                                  This automation is fully automated one. Starting from planning and designing process to dispatching of products, the whole system is completely integrated to be automated. This automation combines numerically controlled machines. Industrial robots and other automation equipment’s into one integrated system.

Home Automation

              Home automation is Centralized control of lighting equipment’s, air conditioning,

Audio system, security system, kitchen appliances and all other equipment’s used in our home system is possible with this system. This system is mainly implemented by sensors, controlling devices. The sensor detects light, motion, temperature and other sensor elements, and send the data to the main controlling devices. These sensor cam be thermistor’s or thermocouples, photo detectors, level sensor, pressure sensors, current transformer, IR sensors, etc, which need an additional signal conditioning equipment to communicate with the main controller. The controller maybe a personal computer, laptops, touch pads, smart phones, etc, attached to the controlling devices like programmable logic controllers that receive the information from the sensor, and based on the program, control the actuators. Communication plays the important role in Home automation system for remote access.

Types of Home Automation system

                     Implementation of the home automation depends on the types of controls like wired or wireless. There are mainly three types of Home Automation system:

Ø  Power line Based Home automation

Ø  Wired or BUS cable Home Automation

Ø  Wireless Home Automation

·       Power Line Home Automation System

                                 This Automation is inexpensive and doesn’t require additional cable to transfer the information, uses existing power lines to transfer the data. However this system involves a large complexity and necessitates additional convert circuits and devices.

  

·       Wired Home Automation System

 

                     This type of automation use a common communication bus to which all the equipment’s in  homes are connected. This communication bus or cable is connected to the main controller in order to acquire input signal and to send control command signals to the actuator. 

·       Wireless Home Automation

      

           This is the advanced Automation technology as compared with wired automation. This automation used wireless technologies like RF, Zigbee, GSM, WI-Fi, and Bluetooth for achieving remote control operation. This is a flexible type of Automation requires negligible wires to connect different application  in home to central control unit.

 These are the wireless automation system that have been implementing in most of the industries and homes. Overall quality, accuracy, reduced labor cost safe and better argument for Automation system.

Vehicle Automation

An autonomous car (also known as a driverless car, auto, self-driving car , robotic car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input. Many such vehicles are being developed, but as of February 2017 automated cars permitted on public roads are not yet fully autonomous. They all require a human driver at the wheel who is ready at a moment's notice to take control of the vehicle.

 

          Autonomous cars use a variety of techniques to detect their surroundings, such as radar, laser light, GPS, odometry, and computer vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. Autonomous cars have control systems that are capable of analyzing sensory data to distinguish between different cars on the road, which is very useful in planning a path to the desired destination.